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中华全国总工会关于私营工商企业劳资双方订立集体合同的暂行办法

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中华全国总工会关于私营工商企业劳资双方订立集体合同的暂行办法

中华全国总工会


中华全国总工会关于私营工商企业劳资双方订立集体合同的暂行办法

1949年11月22日,中华全国总工会

第一条 为了正确处理劳资关系,解决劳资争议,应由各行各业劳资双方所组织之团体,根据平等自愿协商原则,签订集体合同,明确规定劳资双方之权利义务及劳动条件,以发挥职工劳动热忱与资方对生产经营之积极性,实现“发展生产,劳资两利”之目的。
第二条 各行各业之劳资集体合同,系以规定劳动关系为目的之一定时间的书面合同,其主要内容应包括下列各项:
(一)雇佣与解雇手续;
(二)规定厂规、铺规的手续及内容;
(三)工资;
(四)工作时间及假期;
(五)女工童工问题;
(六)有关劳动保护与职工福利问题等。
第三条 订立劳资集体合同,应依下列原则及手续进行之。
一、劳资双方讨论签订集体合同应采取如下步骤:
甲、由各行各业劳资双方所组织之团体,各自召开全体会议或代表会议,选举委员会拟定各自之集体合同草案。
乙、由劳资双方各自推选能代表全体利益的同等数量之代表,根据双方自行拟定之合同方案,在平等自愿的基础上采取民主协商方法,逐条研究,取得协议。在协商时应邀请当地人民政府之劳动局派员参加。
丙、获得初步协议后,由劳资双方各自召集全体会议或代表会议讨论修改,再将修改意见提交双方代表讨论协商,再次取得协议。
丁、双方代表为向各自所代表之全体负责起见,复将二次协议交由劳资双方各自召开之全体会议或代表会议讨论通过,然后由双方代表签字,申请劳动局批准施行。
二、集体合同公布时须载明签订地点、时间、双方团体名称、代表姓名、有效期限(即自某年某月某日起至某年某月某日止)。
第四条 集体合同签订并经当地人民政府之劳动局批准后,在有效期间内适用于订立该合同之各产业、行业、双方全体人员,均须一律遵守执行。
第五条 合同有效期满后,如双方仍愿继续执行者,得由双方推举代表签订合同延期协定,申请劳动局备案后延长有效期限。在合同有效期内,劳资双方之任何一方,因特殊理由提出修改或废止意见时,得由双方推举代表协商解决之。如不能达到一致意见,得申请劳动局调解或仲裁解决之。
第六条 在某一行业或产业之总的集体合同订立后,各该行业或产业之工厂、商店,可签订本企业单独的集体合同,但此项集体合同之内容,不得与该行业总的集体合同相抵触,并须取得各该工会与同业公会之同意。
第七条 各工厂、商店劳资双方单独订立之集体合同,有下列情况之一者得宣告废止:
甲、合同有效期满者。
乙、工厂、商店因遭受不可抗拒之灾害而停办者。
丙、经政府批准转业或缩小生产者。
丁、双方同意者。
第八条 本办法自公布之日起施行。
第九条 本办法解释及修改之权,军管时期属当地之军管会,军管时期结束,属当地之人民政府劳动局。


MARITIME TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


MARITIME TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Second Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 7 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on September 2, 1983, and
effective as of January, 1, 1984)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Chapter V Safety Protection
Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Chapter X Legal Liability
Chapter XI Special Provisions
Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This law is formulated in order to strengthen the control of maritime
traffic; ensure the safety of vessels, installations, human life and
property; and safeguard the rights and interests of the state.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to all vessels, installations and personnel and to
the owners and managers of such vessels and installations that navigate,
berth or operate in the coastal waters of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The harbour superintendence agencies of the People's Republic of China
shall be the competent authorities responsible for the unified supervision
and administration of traffic safety in the coastal waters.

Chapter II Inspection and Registration of Vessels
Article 4
Vessels and their major equipment relating to navigation safety must have
valid technical certificates issued by vessel inspection departments.
Article 5
A vessel must have a certificates showing its nationality, a vessel
registry certificate or a vessel licence.

Chapter III Personnel on Vessels and Installations
Article 6
Vessels shall be manned with qualified crew members according to a
standard quota to ensure the vessels' safety.
Article 7
The captain, chief engineer, pilot, engineers, radio and telephone
operators and similar personnel on board seaplanes or submersibles must
hold valid job certificates. All other crew members must undergo
specialized technical training required for their work.
Article 8
In accordance with state provisions, all installations shall be provided
with personnel who have mastered the techniques of collision avoidance,
signalling, communications, fire control, life-saving and other
operations.
Article 9
All personnel on vessels and installations must observe relevant rules and
regulations concerning maritime traffic safety, follow the operating rules
and ensure the safety of the vessels and installations in navigation,
berthing and operations.

Chapter IV Navigation, Berthing and Operations
Article 10
While navigating, berthing or carrying out operations, vessels and
installations must abide by the relevant laws, administrative statutes and
rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
Non-military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the internal
waters and harbours of the People's Republic of China without the approval
of its competent authorities. However, under unexpected circumstances such
as critical illness of personnel, engine breakdown or the vessels being in
distress or seeking shelter from weather when they do not have the time to
obtain approval, they may, while entering China's internal waters of
harbour, make an emergency report to the competent authorities and shall
obey its directions.
Military vessels of foreign nationality may not enter the territorial
waters of the People's Republic of China without the approval of the
Government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 12
Vessels sailing on international routes that enter and leave the harbours
of the People's Republic of China must accept inspection by the competent
authorities. Vessels of Chinese nationality sailing on domestic routes
that enter and leave such harbours must obtain port entry and departure
visas.
Article 13
Vessels of foreign nationality entering and leaving a harbour of the
People's Republic of China, navigating or shifting berths in the harbour
area, or approaching or leaving mooring points or loading spots outside
the harbour must be navigated by a pilot designated by the competent
authorities.
Article 14
When entering or leaving harbours or passing through controlled traffic
areas, crowded navigable areas or areas where navigational conditions are
restricted, vessels must observe the special regulations promulgated by
the Government of the People's Republic of China or by the competent
authorities.
Article 15
Vessels shall be prohibited from entering or passing through restricted
navigation zones unless specially permitted by the competent authorities.
Article 16
Towing operations on the open sea involving large-sized installations and
mobile platforms must undergo towing inspection conducted by vessel
inspection departments and be reported to the competent authorities for
examination and approval.
Article 17
If the competent authorities finds the actual condition of a vessel to be
not in conformity with what is stated in the vessel's certificates, it
shall have the right to require the vessel to apply for a new inspection
or notify its owner or manager to adopt effective safety measures.
Article 18
If the competent authorities believes that a vessel presents a menace to
the safety of a harbour, it shall have the right to forbid the vessel from
entering the harbour or to order it to leave the harbour.
Article 19
The competent authorities shall have the right to forbid a vessel or an
installation from leaving the harbour or order it to suspend its voyage,
change its route or cease its operations under any one of the following
circumstances:
(1) if it violates any law, administrative statute or other rule or
regulation of the People's Republic of China;
(2) if it is in a condition unsuitable for navigation or towing;
(3) if it was involved in a traffic accident and has not completed the
necessary formalities;
(4) if it has not paid the fees that are due or furnished appropriate
security to the competent authorities or the department concerned: or
(5) if the competent authorities considers that there are other
circumstances that will jeopardize or might jeopardize maritime traffic
safety.

Chapter V Safety Protection
Article 20
Construction operations to be carried out on the surface or underwater in
coastal waters and the demarcation of corresponding safe operation zones
must be reported to the competent authorities for examination and approval
and must be publicly announced. Vessels not involved in the construction
project may not enter the safe operation zones. The construction unit may
not enlarge such zones without authorization. When shore lines are to be
used in harbour areas or when construction work, including overhead
operations, is to be carried out on the sea surface or underwater in such
areas, the plan and a drawing thereof must be submitted to the competent
authorities for examination and approval.
Article 21
The designation of restricted navigation zones in coastal waters must be
approved by the State Council or the competent authorities. However, the
designation of restricted navigation zones for military purposes shall be
approved by the competent department of the state in charge of military
affairs.
The restricted navigation zones shall be announced by the competent
authorities.
Article 22
Without the approval of the competent authorities, no installations may be
established or constructed, nor may any activities that hinder
navigational safety be carried out in harbour areas, anchorages,
navigation lanes, or crowded navigable areas, as well as in navigation
routes announced by the competent authorities.
With respect to any installations which have been established or
constructed in the above-mentioned areas without authorization, the
competent authorities shall have the right to order their owners to remove
or dismantle the installations within a given period of time.
Article 23
It shall be forbidden to damage navigation aids or navigational
facilities. Whoever has damaged navigation aids or navigational facilities
shall immediately report the damage to the competent authorities and be
liable for compensation.
Article 24
Vessels and installations shall promptly make a report to the competent
authorities if they discover any of the following situations:
(1) If navigation aids or navigational facilities malfunction or become
abnormal;
(2) if an obstacle or drifting object jeopardizing the safety of
navigation is discovered; or
(3) if there are other abnormal situations jeopardizing the safety of
navigation.
Article 25
No obstacle affecting the efficacy of navigation aids may be erected or
installed in areas surrounding the aids. Any lights in the vicinity of the
navigation aids or navigational lanes that jeopardize navigation safety
shall be properly screened.
Article 26
When removing or dismantling installations, salvaging or removing sunken
ships or objects, and handling the finishing operations of underwater
projects, no hidden dangers shall be left to menace navigational or
operational safety. Before the aforesaid operations have been properly
completed, their owners or managers must be responsible for erecting
markers as required and making an accurate report to the competent
authority on the type, shape, size and location of the obstacle and the
depth of water over it.
Article 27
Safety administration must be strengthened with respect to harbour
wharves, mooring points and loading spots outside of harbour areas as well
as ship locks, so that they are always kept in good condition.
Article 28
To meet the requirements of maritime traffic safety, the competent
authority shall fix and adjust traffic control areas and harbour
anchorages. The designation of anchorages outside of harbour areas shall
be announced by the competent authority after the report relative thereto
has been submitted to and approved by higher authorities.
Article 29
The competent authorities shall, in accordance with relevant provisions of
the state, be responsible for issuing navigational warnings and
navigational notices.
Article 30
In order to ensure the safety of navigation, berthing and operations, the
departments concerned shall maintain unimpeded communications facilities,
ensure distinct and effective navigation aids and navigational facilities
and, in a timely manner, provide offshore meteorological forecasts and
necessary books and reference materials concerning maritime navigation.
Article 31
When vessels and installations are involved in accidents that jeopardize
or may jeopardize traffic safety, the competent authorities shall have the
right to take necessary, compulsory measures to deal with the matter.

Chapter VI Transport of Dangerous Goods
Article 32
When vessels or installations store, load, unload or transport dangerous
goods, they must maintain safe and reliable equipment and conditions and
observe the state provisions governing the control and transport of
dangerous goods.
Article 33
When vessels load and transport dangerous goods, they must go through the
procedures for declaration to the competent authorities and they may not
enter or leave the harbour or load or unload until approval has been
obtained.

Chapter VII Rescue from Disasters at Sea
Article 34
When vessels, installations or aircraft are in distress, they shall, in
addition to issuing distress signals calling for help, use the quickest
method possible to report to the competent authorities the time and place
of the accident, the extent of damage, the assistance required and the
cause of the accident.
Article 35
Vessels, installations or aircraft in distress and their owners or mangers
shall take all effective measures to organize their own rescue efforts.
Article 36
When vessels or installations in the vicinity of the scene of an accident
receive a distress signal or discover that people's lives are endangered,
they shall do their best to rescue the people in distress insofar as their
own safety is not seriously endangered, and promptly report to the
competent authorities the situation at the scene, their own names, call
numbers and positions.
Article 37
Vessels or installations involved in a collision shall exchange their
names, nationalities and ports of registry and do their best to rescue
personnel in distress. The vessels involved may not leave the scene of
the accident without authorization, insofar as their own safety is not
seriously endangered.
Article 38
Upon receiving a request for rescue, the competent authorities shall
immediately organize a rescue operation. All units concerned and vessels
or installations in the vicinity of the scene must act under the orders of
the competent authorities.
Article 39
When a foreign country intends to dispatch vessels or aircraft into the
territorial waters or the airspace over the territorial waters of the
People's Republic of China to search for and rescue vessels or people in
distress, it must obtain the approval of the competent [Chinese]
authorities.

Chapter VIII Salvage and Removal of Sunken and Drifting Objects
Article 40
With respect to sunken or drifting objects that may affect the safety of
navigation and the management of navigation lanes, as well as those
constituting a threat of explosion, the owners or managers thereof shall
salvage and remove such objects within a deadline set by the competent
authorities. Otherwise, the competent authorities shall have the right to
take measures to compel the salvage and removal of the objects, and their
owners or managers shall bear all the expenses incurred thereby.
The provisions of this Article shall not prejudice the rights of the
owners or managers of the sunken or drifting objects to demand
compensation from third parties.
Article 41
No sunken vessels or sunken objects in the coastal waters may be salvaged
or dismantled without the approval of the competent authorities.

Chapter IX Investigation and Handling of Traffic Accidents
Article 42
Any vessel or installation involved in a traffic accident shall submit a
written accident report and relative materials to the competent
authorities and accept its investigation and handling of the accident.
While being investigated by the competent authorities the parties involved
in the accident and relevant personnel must give a truthful account of
circumstances at the scene of the accident and other relevant information.
Article 43
In the event of a traffic accident that involves a vessel or installation,
the competent authorities shall ascertain the cause of the accident and
fix the responsibility for it.

Chapter X Legal Liability
Article 44
The competent authorities shall, in the light of the circumstances, impose
one or more of the following penalties on anyone who violates this Law:
(1) warnings;
(2) withholding or revoking work certificates; or
(3) fines.
Article 45
If a party does not accept the penalty of a fine or revocation of his work
certificate imposed by the competent authorities, he may bring suit in a
people's court within 15 days after receiving notification of the penalty.
If he neither brings suit nor complies with the penalty upon the
expiration of that period, the competent authorities shall request
compulsory enforcement from the people's court.
Article 46
A civil dispute arising from a maritime traffic accident may be settled
through mediation by the competent authorities. If the parties are
unwilling to have the case mediated or if the mediation is unsuccessful,
the parties may bring suit in the people's court. Parties to a case
involving foreign interests may also submit the case to an arbitration
agency for mediation, in accordance with the written agreement concluded
between them.
Article 47
Those whose violation of this Law constitutes a crime shall be
investigated for their criminal responsibility by judicial organs in
accordance with the Law.

Chapter XI Special Provisions
Article 48
Within the waters of fishing harbours, the state fisheries administration
and fishing harbour superintendence agencies shall exercise the functions
and powers of the competent authorities as provided in this Law, being
responsible for the supervision and administration of traffic safety and
for the investigation and handling of traffic accidents between fishing
vessels in coastal waters. Concrete measures for implementation shall be
separately prescribed by the State Council.
Article 49
The internal administration of offshore military jurisdictional areas and
military vessels and installations, the administration of surface and
underwater operations carried out for military purposes, and the
inspection and registration of public security vessels, the provision of
their personnel and the issuing of their port entry and departure visas
shall be separately prescribed by the relevant competent departments of
the state in accordance with this Law.

Chapter XII Supplementary Provisions
Article 50
For the purpose of this Law, the definitions of the following terms are:
"Coastal waters" means the harbours, inland waters, territorial waters and
all other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the state along the seacoast
of the People's Republic of China.
"Vessels" means all types of displacement or non-displacement ships,
rafts, seaplanes, submersibles and mobile platforms.
"Installations" means all types of surface and underwater structures or
installations, whether fixed or floating, and fixed platforms.
"Operations" means investigations, exploration, exploitation, survey
construction, dredging, demolition, rescue, salvage, towing, fishing,
aquatic breeding, loading and unloading, scientific experimentation and
other surface and underwater operations.
Article 51
The competent department of the State Council shall, on the basis of this
Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect
after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 52
In cases of conflict between laws and regulations pertaining to maritime
traffic safety hitherto promulgated and this Law, this Law shall prevail.
Article 53
This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 1984.




Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

浅谈家庭暴力的现状、原因及对策

吴正雄


本文摘要:

  家庭是社会的细胞,家和万事兴,家兴则国盛,家庭安宁则社会安宁,家庭是每个人生活的重要坏境,创建平安家园是构建和谐社会的基础。家庭暴力作为一个全球性的社会公害,不论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家,这种现象都不同程度的存在。家庭暴力是发生在家庭范围内,是当前破坏婚姻家庭、侵害妇女、儿童和老人等弱势群体的合法权益、对家庭和社会具有危害性的行为。家庭暴力不仅直接对家庭成员的身心健康构成严重伤害和威胁,而且还会破坏家庭的稳定和安宁,这是与构建社会主义和谐社会的发展要求背道而驰的,已引起全社会的广泛关注。虽然我国的《婚姻法》、《刑法》、《民法》、《继承法》、《妇女权益保障法》和《治安管理处罚条例》等对家庭暴力都有相关的处罚规定,都规定了禁止用暴力虐待、残害妇女,但在现实中家庭暴力仍然很严重。为了给予家庭暴力的受害者更全面、更具体、更适当的协助,以取得更好的社会效果,必须建立和完善家庭暴力的相关法律制度。本文从家庭暴力的现状和表现形式分析入手,阐明了我国对家庭暴力立法规制的重要性和必要性。通过对我国有关家庭暴力的法律规定考察分析,指出我国现有法律对家庭暴力概念界定之不足,进而分析了家庭暴力的成因,最后提出家庭暴力立法规制完善的相关对策建议。

关键词:家庭暴力;现状;原因;对策


  许多国家都不同程度的存在着家庭暴力,家庭暴力已成为一个全球性的社会问题。[1]我国《最高人民法院关于〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释(一)》对家庭暴力行为给出了具体的定义:“家庭暴力是指行为人以殴打、捆绑、残害、强行限制人身自由或其他手段,给家庭成员的身体、精神等方面造成一定伤害后果的行为。”家庭暴力主要包括夫妻间的暴力、父母子女间的暴力和其他家庭成员之间的暴力。笔者试从家庭暴力的现状、原因及防治家庭暴力的对策等方面谈些粗浅的看法。

一、家庭暴力的现状和表现形式

(一)家庭暴力的现状

  家庭暴力是指行为人以殴打、捆绑、残害、、强制限制人身自由或其他手段,给家庭成员的身体、精神等方面造成一定伤害后果的行为。持续性、经常性的家庭暴力,构成虐待。家庭暴力主要包括夫妻间、父母子女间的暴力和其他家庭成员之间的暴力。家庭暴力的受害者往往是家庭中的弱势群体,即家庭中的妇女、儿童和老人,其中约90%为女性。[2]据中国全国妇联的一项调查表明,在全国2.7亿个家庭中,有0.81亿个家庭存在不同程度的家庭暴力,约占全国家庭总数的30%,且施暴者有90%是男性。在被调查的公众中,有16%的女性承认遭受过配偶的暴力,有14.4%的男性承认打过自己的配偶。全国每年约有40万个家庭解体,其中四分之一缘于家庭暴力。
  [3]近年来家庭暴力呈上升趋势,据全国妇联统计,1996年至2006年十年间,全国家庭暴力的投诉案件上升了4.16%。而从对近年离婚案件的分析来看,家庭暴力导致离婚的比例却逐年上升。根据调查显示家庭暴力离婚案件中,因丈夫的暴行而涉讼,导致夫妻离异的占绝大多数,2002年审结婚姻家庭纠纷案件中,涉家庭暴力导致离婚的占判(调)离婚案件数的8.67%。2003年审结婚姻家庭纠纷案件中,涉家庭暴力导致离婚的占判(调)离婚案件数的12.44%,较上年相比上升3.77%。2004年审结婚姻家庭纠纷案件中,涉家庭暴力导致离婚的占判(调)离婚案件数的19.75%,较上年相比上升7.31%。从调查的数据表明,三年来审结的婚姻案中家庭暴力导致离婚的比例在逐年上升。家庭暴力给社会带来了极大危害,导致女性犯罪增多,成为社会不安定因素之一,不利于和谐社会建设。因此,建立和完善家庭暴力的相关法律制度,遏制、预防和消除家庭暴力已刻不容缓。

(二)家庭暴力的表现形式

  在家庭暴力中,遭受侵害的90%为女性,在调查中,发现其形式多种多样,既有肉体上的伤害,也有精神上的损害,还包括虐待和婚内强奸。家庭暴力按其形式可分为:
  1、身体暴力。包括所有对身体的攻击行为,如:殴打、推搡、打耳光、脚踢、使用凶器等。
  2、语言暴力。以语言威胁恐吓、恶意诽谤、辱骂、使用伤害自尊的语言,从而引起他人痛苦。
  3、性暴力。故意攻击性器官、强迫发生性行为、性接触。
  4、冷暴力。“冷暴力”逐渐成为家庭暴力的主要形式,且多发生在经济、地位、学历较高的家庭中。[4]所谓的家庭“冷暴力”,是指夫妻双方在产生矛盾时,不是通过殴打、谩骂的暴力方式处理,而是对对方表现出冷淡、轻视、放任和疏远,最明显的特征就是漠不关心对方、没有语言和情感的沟通、或是将语言交流降到最低限度、停止或敷衍性生活、懒于做一切家庭劳动。相对于传统的以暴力动作为主要表现方式(如拳打脚踢、身体伤害)的“热暴力”,“冷暴力”是以语言为主要工具的,或是减少甚至停止夫妻之间的语言交流,或是用讽刺挖苦、侮辱性的言语来发泄自己的情绪、伤害对方的自尊心。家庭冷暴力是一种比身体暴力更为严酷的精神虐待,这种伤人不见血的伤害更让人感到窒息与失望,受害人往往容易精神惶恐,失去理智,绝望。

二、我国现有法律对家庭暴力的有关规定

(一)家庭暴力应承担民事责任的规定

  1、《婚姻法》第四十六条规定:“有下列情形之一,导致离婚的,无过错方有权请求损害赔偿:(一)重婚的;(二)有配偶者与他人同居;(三)实施家庭暴力的;(四)虐待、遗弃家庭成员的。”该条款所说的损害赔偿包括物质赔偿和精神赔偿两种。物质赔偿主要是被侵害人的生命权,健康权、名誉权或是人身自由权,这类赔偿在《民法》中也有相应规定。如果配偶一方认为对方的行为造成自己精神上的痛苦,可以要求对方赔偿自己的精神损失。最高人民法院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》颁布实施后,家庭暴力以外的精神损害赔偿已在司法实践中得到有效地操作。
  2、《婚姻法》第三十二条规定:“男女一方要求离婚的,可由有关部门进行调解或直接向人民法院提出离婚诉讼。人民法院审理离婚案件,应当进行调解;如感情确已破裂,调解无效,应准予离婚。有下列情形之一,调解无效的,应准予离婚:(一)重婚或有配偶者与他人同居的;(二)实施家庭暴力或虐待、遗弃家庭成员的。”从该条款可以看出家庭暴力是诉讼离婚的理由。笔者认为,夫妻共同财产制下,夫妻关系存续期间的赔偿问题,在我国现行的法律中没有一定的法律规定,但修改后的《婚姻法》第十八、十九条确立的夫妻特有财产制度,为配偶之间要求损害赔偿提供事实上的可能。

(二)家庭暴力应承担行政责任的规定

  2006年3月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》第四十五条规定:“有下列行为之一的,处五日以下拘留或者警告:(一)虐待家庭成员,被虐待人要求处理的;(二)遗弃没有独立生活能力的被扶养人的。”《婚姻法》第四十三条规定:“实施家庭暴力或虐待家庭成员,受害人有权提出请求,居民委员会、村民委员会应当予以劝阻、调解;对正在实施的家庭暴力,受害人有权提出请求,居民委员会、村民委员会应当予以劝阻;公安机关应当予以制止。实施家庭暴力或虐待家庭成员,受害人提出请求的,公安机关应当依照治安管理处罚的法律规定予以行政处罚。”根据《婚姻法》该条款规定,在居民委员会、村民委员会、所在单位、公安机关介入家庭纠纷、家庭暴力的方式上都增加了“应当”二字,意在强调此举为上述单位的法定义务。通过公安机关和群众自治组织的介入,制止正在实施的家庭暴力,可以减少家庭暴力所导致的损害。《婚姻法》中明确规定了救援机关和组织的求援义务,受害人可以督促求援机关和组织行使职权。

(三)家庭暴力应承担刑事责任的规定

  在《婚姻法》第四十五条中规定:“对重婚的,对实施家庭暴力或虐待、遗弃家庭成员构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。受害人可以依照刑事诉讼法的有关规定,向人民法院自诉;公安机关应当依法侦查,人民检察院应当依法提起公诉。”值得注意的是,当受害人不对重婚、实施家庭暴力、虐待、遗弃等案件中的犯罪嫌疑人提起自诉时,公安机关“应当”侦查,人民检察院“应当”依法提起公诉。此类刑事责任是指家庭成员中的当事人实施家庭暴力,情节恶劣、后果严重以致构成犯罪的行为,根据《中华人民共和国刑法》规定,行为人应当承担刑事法律责任。我国现行《刑法》对实施家庭暴力触犯刑律涉及的罪名有侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪中的暴力干涉婚姻自由罪、虐待家庭成员罪。虽然在我国《刑法》中没有把家庭暴力定为罪名,但《刑法》第四章第二百五十七条规定:“以暴力干涉他人婚姻自由的,处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。犯前款罪,致使被害人死亡的,处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑。” 可以看出,父母对子女的婚姻进行干预情节严重的将犯暴力干涉婚姻自由罪。虐待家庭成员罪在我国《刑法》第二百六十条也有规定:“虐待家庭成员,情节恶劣的,处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。犯前款罪,致使被害人重伤、死亡的,处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑。”

三、分析产生家庭暴力法律方面的原因

  虽然我国的《婚姻法》、《刑法》、《民法》、《继承法》、《妇女权益保障法》和《治安管理处罚条例》等对家庭暴力都有相关的处罚规定,都规定了禁止用暴力虐待、残害妇女,但在现实中家庭暴力仍然很严重。其原因主要有:规定不明确、立法分散、原则性强、法律规定不易操作,裁决起来缺少法律依据等。

(一)法律制度上的缺失