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论我国夫妻财产制及共同财产的所有权问题/王冠华

时间:2024-07-06 03:25:05 来源: 法律资料网 作者:法律资料网 阅读:8775
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夫妻财产制,是指夫妻关系存续期间,规定夫妻财产关系包括夫妻婚前财产和婚后所得财产的归属、管理、使用、收益、处分,以及家庭生活费用的负担,夫妻债务的清偿,婚姻解除时财产的清算和分割等方面的法律制度。我国《婚姻法》立法中采用了夫妻法定财产制和夫妻约定财产制相互补充的夫妻财产制,在适用上,夫妻约定财产制优先于夫妻法定财产制,只有在约定无效或没有约定时才适用夫妻法定财产制。下面予以具体阐述。

1 夫妻法定财产制

夫妻法定财产制,是指在夫妻双方婚前或婚后未对夫妻财产作出约定或者约定无效的情况下,依照法律规定当然适用的夫妻财产制,包括夫妻婚后所得共同制和夫妻个人特有财产制两种类型。

1.1 夫妻婚后所得共同制

夫妻婚后所得共同制,是指在婚姻关系存续期间,夫妻双方或一方所得的财产,除特有财产和双方另有约定外,均系夫妻共同所有,夫妻双方享有平等的处理权包括占有、使用、收益和处分权利的财产制。
所谓夫妻共同财产,是指夫妻双方在婚姻存续期间除特有财产和双方另有约定之外所得的财产,即从取得结婚证确立夫妻关系时起(男女未办结婚登记即以夫妻名义同居,被认定为事实婚姻的,从同居之日起),至配偶一方死亡或离婚时为止所得的财产。在夫妻分居期间或离婚判决尚未生效期间,仍为婚姻关系存续期间,在这一特定期间内夫妻所得的财产亦为夫妻共同财产。根据《婚姻法》第17条和相关司法解释,夫妻共同财产包括:
①工资、奖金。包括以工资、奖金购置的各类动产、不动产。无论夫妻各方有无收入、收入多寡,均不影响夫妻双方对财产的共有权。
②生产、经营的收益。即通过承包、租赁、出资、合伙、独资、个体等生产、经营活动所得的收益,对生产、经营主体是夫妻一方或双方在所不论。
③知识产权的收益。即夫妻一方或双方在婚姻关系存续期间因著作权、专利权、商标权、商号权、发明权、发现权和其他科技成果权等知识产权实际取得或者已经明确可以取得的财产性收益。
④除遗嘱或赠与合同中确定只归夫或妻一方的财产外,通过继承或赠与所得的财产。
⑤其他应当归共同所有的财产。根据《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释(二)》(法释〔2003〕19号,2003年12月26日,以下简称《婚姻法解释二》)第11条、第14条和第19条,包括:一方以个人财产投资取得的收益;男女双方实际取得或者应当取得的住房补贴、住房公积金;男女双方实际取得或者应当取得的养老保险金、破产安置补偿费;以夫妻婚姻关系存续年限乘以年平均值所得数额的军人名下的复员费、自主择业费等一次性费用;由一方婚前承租、婚后用共同财产购买的、房屋权属证书登记在一方名下的房屋。根据《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释(三)》(法释〔2011〕18号,2011年8月9日,以下简称《婚姻法解释三》)第5条,夫妻一方个人财产在婚后产生的收益,除孳息和自然增值外,应认定为夫妻共同财产。

1.2 夫妻个人特有财产制

夫妻个人特有财产制,是指夫妻在实行婚后所得共同制同时,依照法律的规定或者双方的约定,各自保留一定范围的财产为个人所有,独立享有对该项财产的占有、管理、使用、收益和处分权的财产制。夫妻个人特有财产制是我国夫妻法定财产制下一种财产制度,是对夫妻婚后所得共同制的限制和补充。除双方约定外,夫妻个人特有财产,不因婚姻关系的延续而转化为夫妻共同财产。根据《婚姻法》第18条和相关司法解释,夫妻个人特有财产包括:
①一方的婚前财产。夫妻一方在婚前取得的财产,依物权法关于所有权取得的原理应属个人财产;如果该财产的取得权利发生于婚前,而财产的实际取得在婚后的,也属婚前财产,应属夫妻个人所有。
②一方因身体受到伤害获得的医疗费、残疾人生活补助费等费用。需要指出的是,如果夫妻一方因身体受到伤害需提前支付医疗费用,且提前支出由夫妻共同财产支付的,则在医疗费获得赔偿后,应扣除预先支付的部分。
③遗嘱或赠与合同中确定只归夫或妻一方的财产。根据《婚姻法解释三》第7条,婚后由一方父母出资为子女购买的不动产,产权登记在出资人子女名下的,可按照婚姻法第18条第(三)项的规定,视为只对自己子女一方的赠与,该不动产应认定为夫妻一方的个人财产。
④一方专用的生活用品。该类财产具有严格的个人性质,应属夫妻个人特有财产。
⑤其他应当归一方的财产。根据《婚姻法解释二》第13条,军人的伤亡保险金、伤残补助金、医药生活补助费属于个人财产。根据《婚姻法解释三》第5条,夫妻一方个人财产在婚后产生的孳息和自然增值,应认定为夫妻个人财产。另外,根据《婚姻法解释三》第10条规定,夫妻一方婚前签订不动产买卖合同,以个人财产支付首付款并在银行贷款,婚后用夫妻共同财产还贷,不动产登记于首付款支付方名下的,离婚时双方不能达成协议的,人民法院可以判决该不动产归产权登记一方;根据《婚姻法解释三》第12条规定,婚姻关系存续期间,双方用夫妻共同财产出资购买以一方父母名义参加房改的房屋,产权登记在一方父母名下,离婚时另一方主张按照夫妻共同财产对该房屋进行分割的,人民法院不予支持。

2 夫妻约定财产制

夫妻约定财产制,是指夫妻通过协议的方式,对夫妻一方婚前财产及夫妻婚后所得财产的归属、管理、使用、收益、处分和债务的清偿以及婚姻终止时的财产清算、分割等事项作出约定,排斥或部分排斥夫妻共同财产制度适用的财产制。夫妻约定财产制度是对夫妻法定财产制的必要补充。如前所述,夫妻约定财产制可排斥夫妻法定财产制优先适用,前者具有优先于后者适用的效力。我国《婚姻法》第19条第1、2款规定,“夫妻可以约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产归各自所有、共同所有或部分各自所有、部分共同所有。约定应当采用书面形式。没有约定或约定不明确的,适用本法第17条、第18条的规定。” “夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产的约定,对双方具有约束力。”“夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产约定归各自所有的,夫或妻一方对外所负的债务,第三人知道该约定的,以夫或妻一方所有的财产清偿。”

2.1 我国夫妻约定财产制的内容

从我国《婚姻法》来看,我国立法对夫妻约定财产制限制较多,主要内容有:

2.1.1 约定的主体

顾名思义,夫妻约定财产制约定的主体当然是也只能是有婚姻关系的夫妻双方。但由于约定行为是一项事关当事人重大利益的民事法律行为,根据《民法通则》第55条的规定,要求:①双方均须具备完全民事行为能力,无民事行为能力人或限制民事行为能力人不能进行财产约定;②由于约定的人身性,协议只能夫妻双方亲自签订,不适用代理制度;③约定必须自愿,意思表示真实,夫妻任何一方因胁迫、欺诈、乘人之危而作出的约定可以撤销;④约定的内容必须合法,不得规避养老育幼等法律义务,不得损害国家、集体或者第三人的合法利益。

2.1.2 约定的时间

我国《婚姻法》对夫妻财产关系的约定时间没有限制,夫妻可以在结婚前、结婚时或婚姻关系存续期间的任何时间进行约定。

2.1.3 约定的范围

夫妻对财产关系的约定,只及于夫妻所能处分的财产范围,包括夫妻婚前财产和婚后所得的财产,既可就全部夫妻财产进行约定,也可就部分夫妻财产进行约定;既可以约定财产所有权的归属或者使用权、管理权、收益权、处分权的行使,也可以约定家庭生活费用的负担、债务清偿责任、婚姻关系终止时财产的清算及分割等。

2.1.4 约定的形式

根据《婚姻法》第19条第1款规定,“约定应当采用书面形式。”虽然夫妻财产约定协议不是必须办理公证,但经过公证的夫妻财产约定协议,不仅可以更明确地划分夫妻财产和债务,能够有效减少纠纷,更好的保护当事人的权利,还可以对外产生较强的法律效力。对于口头约定,如双方承认,或有可靠的证据证明,实践中人民法院一般承认其效力。

辽宁省实施《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法》办法(修正)

辽宁省人大常委会


辽宁省实施《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法》办法(修正)
辽宁省人民代表大会常务委员会


(1994年1月24日辽宁省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第六次会议通过1995年11月25日辽宁省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修正)


第一条 为保证《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法》的遵守和执行,结合本省的实际情况,制定本实施办法。
第二条 代表应当按时出席本级人民代表大会会议。
因故不能出席会议的代表,应当在会议召开前,向本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇(含民族乡、民族镇,下同)人民代表大会主席团提出书面请假报告,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会委托的副主任或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席、副主席、批准,并通知代表。每次人民代表大
会闭幕前,由大会主席团将未请假或者请假未经批准的缺席代表名单印发各代表团。
代表未请假或者请假未经批准,两次不出席本级人民代表大会会议的,依法终止其代表资格,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团通知代表原选举单位或者原选区,并予以公告。
代表在会议期间因故不能继续出席会议的,应当请假,经代表团团长同意,报大会主席团秘书长或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团委托的成员批准。
第三条 地方各级人民代表大会举行会议,选举本级人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员,乡、镇人民代表大会主席、副主席,人民政府领导人员,人民法院院长,人民检察院检察长,以及上一级人民代表大会代表的时候,代表有权依法联名以书面形式向主席团提出候选人人选。代表联
名提出的候选人人选,应当与主席团提出的候选人人选一起由大会主席团依法提交代表酝酿、讨论、选举。
第四条 地方各级人民代表大会举行会议的时候,代表十人以上联名,可以书面提出对本级人民政府和它所属各工作部门以及人民法院、人民检察院的质询案。质询案必须写明质询对象、质询的问题和内容,由主席团决定交受质询的机关,受质询机关必须在会议中负责答复。
答复质询案的方式由主席团决定。可以在主席团会议、大会全体会议、有关的专门委员会会议或者有关的代表团会议上口头答复,或者书面答复。在主席团会议或者专门委员会会议上答复的,提质询案的代表或者代表团团长应当列席会议,发表意见。在专门委员会或者代表团会议上答
复的,专门委员会或者代表团应当将答复质询案的情况向主席团报告。主席团认为必要的时候,可以将答复质询案的情况报告印发会议。质询案以书面答复的,由受质询机关负责人签署,由主席团决定印发范围。
提出质询案的代表半数以上对答复不满意的,经主席团决定,由受质询机关再作答复。
第五条 县级以上地方各级人民代表大会举行会议的时候,1/10以上代表联名,可以书面提出对本级人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员、人民政府组成人员、人民法院院长、人民检察院检察长的罢免案;乡、镇人民代表大会举行会议的时候,1/5以上代表联名,可以书面提出对人民代?
泶蠡嶂飨⒏敝飨⑾绯ぁ⒏毕绯ぁ⒄虺ぁ⒏闭虺さ陌彰獍浮?
罢免案应当写明罢免理由。被提出罢免的人员有权依法提出申辩意见。
向乡、镇人民代表大会提出的罢免案,由主席团交会议审议后,提请大会全体会议表决。向县级以上地方各级人民代表大会提出的罢免案,由主席团交会议审议后,提请大会全体会议表决;或者由主席团提议,经大会全体会议决定,组织调查委员会,由本级人民代表大会下次会议根据
调查委员会的调查报告审议决定。
第六条 代表在人民代表大会会议期间或者闭会期间,可以书面向本级人民代表大会及其常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团提出对各方面工作的建议、批评和意见。地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团应当及时将代表的建议、批评和意见
交有关机关和组织研究处理。承办的有关机关和组织要在三个月内,至迟不超过六个月,将办理情况和意见答复代表,同时抄报本级人民代表大会常务委员会办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团。
代表对答复不满意的,可以提出意见,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团交有关机关和组织依照上款规定再作研究处理。
地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团应当定期对代表提出的建议、批评和意见的办理情况进行督促、检查。
第七条 代表在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,应当根据宪法和法律赋予的职权,参加本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团组织的代表活动。因故不能参加活动的,应当向组织活动的机关请假。
县级以上各级人民代表大会代表,可以参加下级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团组织的代表活动。
第八条 代表在本级或者下级人民代表大会常务委员会和乡、镇人民代表大会主席团协助下,可以按照便于组织和开展活动的原则组成代表小组。代表小组组长、副组长由代表推选,代表小组活动由组长、副组长召集。代表小组活动一年不少于两次。
县级以上各级人民代表大会代表,可以参加下级人民代表大会代表的代表小组活动。
第九条 代表小组活动的主要内容:
(一)学习宣传宪法、法律、法规、政策及本级和上级人民代表大会会议精神;
(二)围绕法律、法规、本级人民代表大会及其常务委员会的决议、决定贯彻实施情况,进行调查、检查和视察;
(三)联系人民群众,走访选民,听取并收集他们的意见、建议和要求;
(四)学习和交流代表工作经验;
(五)参加本地区人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团组织安排的其他活动。
第十条 代表根据人民代表大会常务委员会、专门委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团的统一安排,对本级或者下级国家机关和有关单位的工作进行视察。代表也可以持代表证就地视察。
代表视察时,除按照统一安排集中视察外,可以采取召开座谈会、走访人民群众等多种方式广泛听取人民群众的意见。
被视察单位应当认真接待视察的代表,如实介绍情况,提供有关材料,听取代表意见。
地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会、专门委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团统一组织的代表视察及代表持证就地视察结束后,各视察组或者代表应当向本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团提交视察报告。各级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大
会主席团受上一级人民代表大会常务委员会委托,组织上级代表视察后,应当及时将视察报告报上级人民代表大会常务委员会。对视察中代表提出的建议、批评和意见,依照本办法第六条的规定办理。
第十一条 县级以上各级人民代表大会代表可以应邀列席本级人民代表大会常务委员会会议。全国人民代表大会代表,省、设区的市的人民代表大会代表可以应邀列席本级人民代表大会各专门委员会会议和原选举单位的人民代表大会会议、人民代表大会常务委员会会议。乡、镇人民代
表大会代表可以应邀列席本级人民代表大会主席团会议。
第十二条 县级以上地方各级人民代表大会代表可以根据本级人民代表大会常务委员会的安排,参加对本级人民代表大会常务委员会、人民政府、人民法院、人民检察院工作的评议活动。乡、镇人民代表大会代表可以根据本级人民代表大会主席团的安排,参加对本级人民政府和县直部
门驻乡、镇的站、所工作的评议活动。地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团组织本级人民代表大会代表开展评议活动时,可以邀请上级或者下级人民代表大会代表参加。
被评议机关和单位应当如实汇报情况,认真听取意见,并根据代表评议的意见和建议进行整改,在三个月内将整改情况向本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团报告。
第十三条 代表受原选区选民或者原选举单位的监督。
代表应当与原选区选民或者原选举单位保持密切联系,采取召开座谈会、走访通讯、接待来访等多种方式,听取和反映人民群众的意见和要求,定期会见选民,回答选区选民或者原选举单位对代表工作和代表活动的询问,认真执行代表职务,协助本级人民政府推行工作。
代表不在原选区居住或者不在原选举单位所在地工作的,每年至少应回原选区或者原选举单位参加一次代表活动。
第十四条 县级以上地方各级人民代表大会代表,如果受逮捕、刑事审判,或者被采取法律规定的其他限制人身自由的措施,执行机关应当事先书面报告该级人民代表大会主席团,在该级人民代表大会闭会期间,事先书面报告该级人民代表大会常务委员会,经许可方可执行。在该级人
民代表大会常务委员会会议闭会期间,由常务委员会主任会议处理,并由主任会议向下一次常务委员会会议报告。如果因为是现行犯被拘留,执行拘留的机关应当立即向该级人民代表大会主席团或者人民代表大会常务委员会报告。
乡、镇人民代表大会代表,如果被逮捕、受刑事审判、或者被采取法律规定的其他限制人身自由的措施,执行机关应当立即书面报告乡、镇人民代表大会,在乡、镇人民代表大会闭会期间,执行机关应当立即书面报告乡、镇人民代表大会主席团,并由乡、镇人民代表大会主席团向下一
次人民代表大会报告。
违反上述规定的,由有关机关依法追究责任。
第十五条 代表在人民代表大会闭会期间,除按照本办法第十一条的规定应邀列席人民代表大会的各种会议外,脱产参加代表活动的时间,县级以上各级人民代表大会代表一年一般不少于十天;乡、镇人民代表大会代表一年一般不少于七天。
第十六条 代表参加本级人民代表大会会议、应邀列席人民代表大会的各种会议和本级人民代表大会闭会期间参加代表活动,代表所在单位必须给予时间保障,提供必要的便利条件,按正常出勤对待,享受所在单位的工资、奖金和其他待遇。
无固定工资收入的代表执行代表职务,根据实际情况由本级财政给予适当误工补贴。
第十七条 地方各级人民代表大会闭会期间代表的活动经费,每年由地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会的办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团根据代表活动的实际需要制定计划,由本级人民政府列入年度财政预算,由财政部门专项拨付。
各级人民代表大会代表活动经费专款专用,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会的办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团管理使用。
第十八条 地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团应当同本级人民代表大会代表保持联系,组织本级人民代表大会代表和受委托的上级人民代表大会代表开展活动。
地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会办事机构或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团应当为代表执行代表职务提供服务。
第十九条 一切组织和个人都必须尊重代表的权利,有义务协助代表执行代表职务。对拒绝履行义务,阻碍代表依法执行代表职务的,对代表依法执行代表职务进行打击报复的,地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会和乡、镇人民代表大会主席团可以直接或者责成有关部门查明情况,依法
处理。有关部门应当将处理结果报告本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团。
第二十条 县级以上地方各级人民代表大会举行会议的时候,主席团或者十分之一以上代表联名,可以书面提出对由该级人民代表大会选出的上一级人民代表大会代表的罢免案。在人民代表大会闭会期间,县级以上地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会主任会议或者常务委员会五分之一以
上组成人员联名,可以向常务委员会书面提出由该级人民代表大会选出的上一级人民代表大会代表的罢免案。
对于选民直接选出的代表的罢免案,原选区选民三十人以上联名,可以向县级的人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出,由县级人民代表大会常务委员会派有关负责人员组织原选区选民讨论和表决,表决对乡、镇人民代表大会代表的罢免案,可以由乡、镇人民代表大会主席、副主席协助进
行。
罢免案应当写明罢免理由。被提出罢免的代表有权依法提出申辩意见。
罢免代表的决议,须报送上一级人民代表大会常务委员会备案。
第二十一条 由地方各级人民代表大会选出的代表辞去代表职务,在原选举单位人民代表大会会议期间,向大会主席团书面提出,由主席团提请大会表决,接受辞职后予以公告;在原选举单位人民代表大会闭会期间,向常务委员会主任会议书面提出,由主任会议提请常务委员会表决,
接受辞职后予以公告。
由选民直接选出的代表辞去代表职务,向县级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会书面提出,由县级人民代表大会常务委员会有关负责人员或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席、副主席组织原选区选民表决,接受辞职后予以公告。
接受代表辞职的决议,须报送上一级人民代表大会常务委员会备案。
第二十二条 地方各级人民代表大会代表被依法暂时停止执行代表职务,或者在代表任期内恢复其执行代表职务,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团通知代表本人、代表原选举单位或者原选区。
第二十三条 地方各级人民代表大会代表资格依法终止,由代表资格审查委员会报本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团,由本级人民代表大会常务委员会或者乡、镇人民代表大会主席团通知代表原选举单位或者原选区,并予以公告。
第二十四条 本办法由辽宁省人民代表大会常务委员会解释。
第二十五条 本办法自公布之日起施行。



1994年1月24日

CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


 CONSUMER COUNCIL ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 216)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  unctions of Council
  owers of Council
  embership of Council
  eetings of Council
  ommittees
  isclosure of member's interest
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Documents of Council
  III    FINANCIAL
  Resources of Council
  Borrowing powers
  Investment of funds
  Estimates
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  IV    GENERAL
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Governor may give directions
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for
advertisement
  oses
  Transitional provisions
  dule
 Whole document
  
  ncorporate the Consumer Council, to define its functions and 
powers,
  egative personal liability of members and employees for the 
Council's
  ts committees' acts or omissions, and for connected purposes.
  July 1977] L. N. 167 of 1977
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Consumer Council Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ncil" means the Consumer Council incorporated by section 3 (1);
  ancial year" means each period of 12 months ending with 31 March;
  ber" means a member of the Council.
 PART II INCORPORATION AND POWERS
  
  ncorporation of Consumer Council
  The Consumer Council existing at the commencement of this
Ordinance is
  by created a body corporate consisting of the persons who from
time to
  hold office as members of the Council.
  The Council shall have perpetual succession and a common 
seal and
  l be capable of suing and being sued and of doing and suffering 
all
  other acts and things as bodies corporate may lawfully do and
suffer.
  The Council shall continue to be known in the Chinese language
as.
  unctions of Council
  The functions of the Council are to protect and promote the 
interests
  onsumers of goods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and 
lessees
  mmovable property by--
  collecting, receiving and disseminating
  rmation concerning goods, services and immovable property;
  receiving and examining complaints by and giving advice to 
consumers
  oods and services and purchasers, mortgagors and lessees of 
immovable
  erty;
  taking such action as it thinks justified by information 
in its
  ession, including tendering advice to the Government or to any 
public
  cer;
  encouraging business and professional associations to
  blish codes of practice to regulate the activities of their
members;
  undertaking such other functions as the Council may adopt 
with the
  r approval of the Governor in Council.
  The Governor may be notice in writing to the Council 
declare any
  s, services or immovable property or class of goods, 
services or
  vable property to be outside the scope of the Council's 
functions
  r subsection (1).
  In subsection (1) and in section 5 (2) (c) "goods and services" 
does
  include goods and services which are--
  supplied by--
  the Government, the Urban Council or the Regional Council; or
(Amended
  f 1985 s. 60)
  a body mentioned in the Schedule; or
  made the subject of a declaration under subsection (2).
  The Governor in Council may, by order published in the Gazette, 
amend
  Schedule. (Amended 5 of 1992 s. 2)
  owers of Council
  The Council may do such things as are reasonably necessary to 
enable
  o carry out its functions.
  Without restricting the generality of subsection (1), the Council 
may
  arrying out its functions--
  acquire, hold and dispose of all kinds of property 
movable and
  vable and in any manner which it thinks fit;
  enter into any contract;
  undertake the testing and examination of goods and 
services and
  ection of immovable property; (Amended 5 of 1992s. 3)
  produce or distribute, by way of sale or otherwise, any 
publication
  h is of interest to consumers;
  do any thing which it may do under this ordinance in 
association or
  peration with any other person or sponsor any other person to do 
that
  g;
  charge for the use of any facility or service provided by the
Council;
  with the prior approval of the Governor, become a member 
of or
  liate to any international body concerned with consumer matters.
  
  embership of Council
  The Council shall consist of the following members--
  a Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a 
term not
  eding 2 years;
  a Vice-Chairman who shall be appointed by the Governor for a term 
not
  eding 2 years; and (Replaced 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  not more than 20 other persons each of whom shall be appointed
by the
  rnor for a term not exceeding 2 years. (Replaced 28 of 1989 s.
2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may be reappointed upon expiry of their 
respective
  s of office. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  The Chairman, Vice-Chairman and any other member 
appointed under
  ection (1) (c) may at any time-- (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 2)
  resign his office by notice to the Governor; or
  be removed therefrom by the Governor for permanent incapacity or
other
  icient cause, and upon such resignation or removal the term for 
which
  as appointed shall be deemed to have expired.
  Where the Chairman, Vice-Chairman or any other member appointed 
under
  ection (1) (c) is precluded by temporary incapacity or other 
cause
  exercising his functions as such for any period the 
Governor may
  int another person to act in place of the Chairman Vice-
Chairman or
  r member during such period with all such rights, powers, 
duties or
  ilities as if he had been appointed under subsection (1). (Amended 
28
  985s. 2)
  (Replaced 28 of 1985s. 2)
  Where any question arises under subsection (3) or (4) as to 
whether
  incapacity or cause exists or whether any incapacity is 
temporary or
  anent or any cause sufficient, the decision of the Governor 
thereon
  l be final.
  eetings of Council
  Meetings of the Council shall be held at such times and places
as the
  cil, the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman may from 
time
  ime appoint.
  The following procedural provisions shall apply to
  y meeting of the Council and subject thereto the Council may 
regulate
  own procedure--
  at meetings of the Council 11 members shall form a quorum; 
(Replaced
  f 1989 s. 3. Amended 5 of 1992 s. 4)
  the Chairman or in his absence, the Vice-Chairman shall preside
or, if
  are absent or disqualified under section 9 (c), the members 
present
  l appoint one of their number to preside;
  every question shall be determined by a majority of votes 
of the
  ers present and voting thereon;
  in the event of an equality of votes the member presiding shall
have a
  ing vote in addition to his ordinary vote.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 3)
  
  ommittees
  The Council may appoint committees and may delegate to 
them the
  cise and performance of any of its powers and functions except 
this
  r of delegation.
  Persons who are not members of the Council are
  ible for appointment to committees.
  Subject to the terms of any delegation by the 
Council, every
  ittee--
  may exercise and perform the delegated powers and functions
  the same effect as if it were the Council itself;
  shall be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of 
the
  gation in the absence of proof to the contrary;
  may regulate its own procedure.
  isclosure of member's interest
  member of the Council, or of any committee of the Council, 
has a
  ct or indirect commercial interest in any matter under discussion
at a
  ing of the Council or of the committee, being an interest greater
than
  which he has as a member of the general public, the 
following
  isions shall apply--
  he shall disclose the nature of his interest at the meeting;
  the disclosure shall be recorded in the minutes;
  where the disclosure is made by the member presiding, he shall 
vacate
  chair during the discussion;
  the member (including one who has vacated the chair under
paragraph
  shall, if so required by the member presiding, withdraw 
from the
  ing during the discussion and shall not in any case, 
except as
  rwise determined by the member presiding, vote on any 
resolution
  erning the matter or be counted for the purpose of establishing 
the
  tence of a quorum.
  Appointment of staff and advisers
  Subject to subsection (4), the Council shall appoint a person to 
hold
  office of Chief Executive. (Amended 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  The Council may appoint such other employees as it thinks 
fit and
  ect to subsection (4), determine all matters relating 
to their
  neratior and terms and conditions of appointment or employment.
  The Council may engage the services of technical and 
professional
  sers in such manner and on such terms and conditions as it thinks
fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Governor to--
  any appointment proposed to be made under subsection (1) and the
terms
  conditions thereof;
  the suspension or dismissal of the Chief Executive;
  the salary or salary scale (including allowances and other 
pecuniary
  fits) and conditions of employment applicable to the Chief 
Executive
  every other employee or class employee, and any variation
thereof.
  nded 28 of 1985 s. 4)
  No person shall be employed by the Council otherwise than on the
salar
  alary scale or on the conditions of employment applicable to that
pers
  oved by the Governor under subsection (4).
  
  Documents of Council
  The Council may make and execute all such documents as may 
expedient
  or conducive to the exercise and performance of its power 
functions
  duties.
  The fixing of the seal of the Council to any document
  l--
  be authorized by resolution of the Council; and
  be authenticated by the signatures of any 2 members 
authorize by
  lution of the Council, either generally or specially, to ao for 
that
  ose.
  Any document purporting to be duly executed under the seal 
of the
  cil shall, unless the contrary is proved, be considered to be 
duly
  uted.
  Any contract or instrument which if entered into or executed 
by a
  on not being a body corporate would not be required to be in the 
form
  deed may be entered into or executed on behalf of the Council by 
any
  on generally or specially authorized by the Council for that 
purpose.
 PART III FINANCIAL
  
  Resources of Council
  The Governor may, out of money appropriated for the purpose 
by the
  slative Council, authorize payment to the Consumer Council 
of such
  nts as he thinks fit.
  The resources of the Council shall consist
  
  all money received by the Council pursuant to subsection (1);
  money paid to the Council by way of donations, fees, 
subscriptions,
  and interest;
  all other money and property, including accumulations of 
income,
  ived by the Council for its purposes.
  Borrowing powers
  Council may, with the approval of the Financial Secretary, 
borrow or
  rwise raise money and charge all or any part of its 
property as
  rity therefor.
  Investment of funds
  money of the Council that is not immediately required 
shall be
  sted--
  on fixed deposit in any bank or savings bank approved by the
  ncial Secretary, either generally or in any particular case, for 
the
  ose; or
  in such other forms of investment as the Financial 
Secretary may
  ove.
  Estimates
  Council shall in each financial year adopt estimates of 
income and
  nditure for the ensuing financial year and, before a date 
to be
  inted by the Financial Secretary, send them to the Governor for 
his
  oval together with a programme of its proposed activities 
for the
  ing financial year.
  
  Accounts, audit and annual report
  The Council shall keep proper accounts and proper records in 
relation
  eto and shall within 3 months after the expiry of a financial year,
or
  further period as the Financial Secretary may allow, 
prepare a
  ement of the accounts of the Council, which statement shall
include an
  me and expenditure account and a balance sheet.
  The Council
  l, subject to subsection (3), appoint an auditor, who 
shall be
  tled to have access at any time to all books of account, vouchers 
and
  r financial records of the Council and to require such information
and
  anations relating thereto as he thinks fit.
  The Council shall obtain the prior approval of the Financial
Secretary
  ny appointment proposed to be made under subsection (2).
  The auditor shall, as soon as is practicable, audit the 
accounts
  ired by subsection (1) and shall submit a report thereon 
to the
  cil.
  The Council shall within 3 months after the receipt by it 
of the
  tor's report in respect of its accounts for a financial 
year, or
  in such further period as the Financial Secretary may allow,
furnish--
  a report on the affairs of the Council for that year;
  a copy of its accounts therefor; and
  the auditor's report on the accounts, to the Governor who shall 
cause
  same to be tabled in the Legislative Council.
 PART IV GENERAL
  
  Council not servant or agent of Crown
  Council is not a servant or agent of the Crown and does not enjoy 
any
  us, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
  Governor may give directions
  The Governor may, if he considers that the public 
interest so
  ires, give to the Council such directions as he thinks 
fit with
  ect to the exercise and performance by the Council of its 
powers,
  tions and duties under this Ordinance, either generally or 
in any
  icular case.
  The Council shall comply with any direction given to 
it under
  ection (1).
  Protection of members of Council and committees
  No member or employee of the Council or of any committee 
of the
  cil shall be personally liable for any act done or default made--
  by the Council; or
  by any committee of the Council, acting in good faith in the course
of
  operations of the Council or of the committee.
  The protection hereby conferred on members and employees 
of the
  cil or of a committee in respect of any act or default shall not 
in
  way affect any liability of the Council for that act or default.
  
  Prohibition of exploitation of the Council's name for 
advertisement
  oses
  No person shall, with a view to promoting or disparaging any
  s, services or immovable property or promoting the image 
of any
  on, publish or cause to be published any advertisement which 
either
  essly or by implication makes reference to--
  the Council;
  any committee, member, agent or employee of the Council;
  the Council's publication or finding of tests or surveys
conducted by
  n behalf of the Council; or
  any other information published by the Council, without 
written
  ent of the Council.
  Any person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence 
and is
  le to a fine of $ 100,000.
  For the purpose of subsection (1) "advertisement" may be 
constituted
  ny words, whether written or spoken, or any picture, drawing, 
visual
  e, figure or article--
  appearing in any publication; or
  brought to the notice of the public or any section of the public 
in
  other way. (Replaced 5 of 1992 s. 5)
  Transitional provisions
  All property of whatever kind and whether movable or immovable 
vested
  r belonging to the Consumer Council existing at the 
commencement of
  Ordinance shall as from that date vest in or belong to that 
Council
  ts corporate capacity without any further assurance.
  All obligations and liabilities of the said Consumer Council 
are as
  the commencement of this Ordinance the obligations and
liabilities of
  Council in its corporate capacity.
  Where anything has been commenced by or under the authority 
of the
  Consumer Council before the commencement of this Ordinance such
thing
  be carried on any completed by the Council in its corporate
capacity.
  Every person who immediately before the commencement of this
Ordinance
  s an appointment as Chairman, Executive Director or a member of 
the
  Consumer Council is, as from such commencement but subject to 
the
  s of his appointment, the Chairman, Executive Director, or a
member of
  Council, as the case may be, for the purposes of this Ordinance.
  Notwithstanding the definition of "financial year" in section 
2 the
  od between the commencement of this Ordinance and 31 March 1978 
shall
  eemed to be a financial year.
  No stamp duty shall be payable in respect of any transfer of 
property
  r this section.
 SCHEDULE
  
  Television Limited
  a Light and Power Company, Limited
  a Motor Bus Company, Limited
  Cross-Harbour Tunnel Company, Limited
  Marketing Organization
  Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited
  Hong Kong and Yaumati Ferry Company Limited

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